Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the main compounds of the Cannabis sativa plant. Among over a hundred phytocannabinoids present in the plant, CBD stands out from tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for not causing perceptual changes or the feeling of being “high”.

The compound has attracted attention from scientists and healthcare professionals for its therapeutic potential, with studies indicating anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, and even neuroprotective effects.

How CBD acts in the human body

To understand CBD's action, it is essential to know the Endocannabinoid System (ECS), a biological network present in all of us. It maintains internal balance — called homeostasis — regulating functions such as sleep, mood, pain, immunity, appetite, cognition, stress response, and energy metabolism.

Within the ECS, two receptors stand out: CB₁ and CB₂. CB₁ is mainly concentrated in the central nervous system, in regions like the hippocampus, cerebellum, and spinal cord. It modulates communication between neurons, influencing neurotransmitters linked to pain, mood, and perception.

CB₂, on the other hand, is more associated with the immune system, present in defense cells like lymphocytes and macrophages, and plays an important role in inflammation control and immune response.

CBD interacts with these receptors indirectly. One of its main actions is negative allosteric modulation, altering how other substances bind to CB₁ and CB₂. Additionally, it inhibits the enzyme FAAH, responsible for degrading anandamide, prolonging its beneficial effects.

CBD also reduces the migration of inflammatory cells, modulates ion channels, and exerts antioxidant effects, helping protect cells against damage.

Therapeutic applications

These mechanisms explain the growing interest in using CBD for different health conditions. An example is in the treatment of resistant epilepsies, such as Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes, where CBD-based medications, like Epidiolex, are approved in countries like the United States and European Union members. Research also indicates potential benefits for anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), although more robust clinical studies are still needed.

Another promising area is the management of chronic pain and inflammations, including autoimmune diseases. Despite positive results in laboratory and animal studies, evidence in humans is still limited. Additional research evaluates CBD's potential in combating drug dependence, such as cocaine and nicotine, suggesting it may reduce withdrawal symptoms and compulsive behaviors.

Is CBD legal in Brazil?

Yes. Since 2015, Anvisa allows the importation of CBD products for personal use with a medical prescription. Currently, there are already authorized national products available in pharmacies with a prescription. In 2025, the agency is considering revising RDC 327.

Access to medicinal cannabis can also be done with a prescription from a doctor or dentist, according to RDC 660, which authorizes the importation of plant-based products.

Additionally, legally authorized patient associations constitute a legitimate route for obtaining artisanal extracts, offering a safe and accessible alternative for various treatments.